How Black Friday 1921 led to the census being postponed for the first time in history

After the First World War, England and Wales were hit with a period of economic uncertainty and the stage was set for conflicts between the government and labor forces. By 1921, over two million people were unemployed in England and Wales leading to widespread industrial unrest.

One group of workers that led the charge against the government were the miners.

Coal miners take action

Throughout the war, coal mines in England and Wales were nationalized, but in 1921 control of the mines was due to return to the hands of the mine owners. This was against the wishes of the miners and the recommendation of a government commission. The mine owners' first plans were to cut the miners' wages, in some areas of South Wales they were to be cut by 49%. In 1921, over a million people worked in the mines.

The miners rejected the wage reduction and instead suggested a national pool. It would set a fixed levy on a ton of coal and a pool of money would be raised so that all miners, regardless of how profitable a pit they worked in, would receive a minimum wage. To push for their demands, the country's largest union, the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain, ordered a strike from 1 April. 

To bring even more weight to the fight for minimum wages, the Triple Alliance announced on 7 April that they would commence a strike beginning on 15 April at 10 pm. The Triple Alliance was a coalition created in 1914 between the miners, railwaymen and transport workers. A full strike of the Triple Alliance would bring the country to a halt.

Frantic negotiations commenced. The Cabinet met on 12 April and Lloyd George, the Prime Minister, made his position clear that he was aligned with the mine owners and would not return nationalization of the mines nor support a national pool. Talks and negotiations continued, but cracks were emerging and communication was breaking down amongst the Triple Alliance. Finally, only seven hours ahead of the threatened strike was due to begin, the Triple Alliance stood down and would no longer support the miners through strike action. It was a dramatic affair and the date has become known as Black Friday 1921.

Meanwhile, in the middle of all this furore, the Registrar General at the General Register Office was trying to prepare for the census.

The census postponed

Amid coal strikes and the threat of a general strike, the country was preparing to partake in the tradition of taking the census. The census forms were all printed and 38,000 enumerators were trained and set to begin delivery of the forms. However, a country-wide strike would disrupt the entire process. 

Our newspaper archives reveal that the Registrar General issued a booklet about the coming census on 8 April. The plans were still going ahead to enumerate the people. But with no resolution to the industrial conflict and the looming threat of a transport strike, the decision was finally made on 14 April to postpone the census. The government called off the census one day before the Triple Alliance’s strike was due to start, but also, one day before they called off the strike.

For the first and only time in history, the government had to move the census date. Pall Mall Gazette reported:

It took some time for the news to spread. Some papers were still reporting about the upcoming census as if it was still going to take place in April. On 15 April, Milngavie and Bearsden Herald wrote;

That same day, Motherwell Times published the statement;

Torquay Times, and South Devon Advertiser did not seem to have the news that the census was postponed, but they did report that it was in danger and recognized that the transport difficulties experienced by the enumerators would harm the census output.  

In the days following 14 April, newspapers widely reported that the census was postponed. The rescheduled date, 19 June, was announced on 4 May 1921. 

In the 1921 Census of England and Wales, we can see the continued effects of the miners' strike.

Census day arrives

By census day, the miners were still unemployed. The lockout continued, and no resolution had been found. In the records, we can see pages of miners who have reported themselves as out of work and on strike. 

We even found the census return of John Lee who had been a surface laborer for the Waterloo Temple pit. He added a note saying he's done no work since he was locked out.

How did your ancestors’ lives touch history? Were they part of the Roaring Twenties party scene or struggling to make a living like the miners? Explore the 1921 Census, exclusively available online at Findmypast, to find out.